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Change your computer display and add audio systems. Adjust the font size and monitor contrast in your computer's settings. Consider adding speech-output systems or other technologies to your computer. A retinal tear happens when there is a tear or hole in the retina. This typically occurs when the vitreous, which is a jelly-like substance in the eye, attaches to the retina and pulls hard enough to tear it. This can happen when the vitreous detaches as part of the aging process, or it can result from trauma. Ask a family member or friend to accompany you. Having your pupils dilated for the eye exam will affect your vision for a time afterward, so you may need someone to drive or accompany you after your appointment. Bawa, S.R.; YashRoy, R.C. (1974). "Structure and function of vulture pecten". Cells Tissues Organs. 89 (3): 473–480. doi: 10.1159/000144308. PMID 4428954. Archived from the original on 14 July 2015. Labin, A. M.; Ribak, E. N. (16 April 2010). "Retinal Glial Cells Enhance Human Vision Acuity". Physical Review Letters. 104 (15): 158102. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.158102.

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In the transfer of visual signals to the brain, the visual pathway, the retina is vertically divided in two, a temporal (nearer to the temple) half and a nasal (nearer to the nose) half. The axons from the nasal half cross the brain at the optic chiasma to join with axons from the temporal half of the other eye before passing into the lateral geniculate body.Organ transplantation Transplantation of retinas has been attempted, but without much success. At MIT, The University of Southern California, RWTH Aachen University, and the University of New South Wales, an "artificial retina" is under development: an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly, with signals from a digital camera. In practice, thus far Apple has converted a device's display to Retina by doubling the number of pixels in each direction, quadrupling the total resolution. This increase creates a sharper interface at the same physical dimensions. The only exceptions to this have been the iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus, and 8 Plus, which render their displays at triple the number of pixels in each direction, before down-sampling to a 1080p resolution. Plait, Phil (10 June 2010). "Resolving the iPhone resolution". Slate. slate.com . Retrieved 9 October 2021. ...Soneira used the 0.6 arcmin resolution of the eye, but that's for perfect eyesight. Most people don't have perfect eyesight... A better number for a typical person is more like 1 arcmin resolution, not 0.6 den Hollander, Anneke I.; Roepman, Ronald; Koenekoop, Robert K.; Cremers, Frans P.M. (2008). "Leber congenital amaurosis: Genes, proteins and disease mechanisms". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 27 (4): 391–419. doi: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2008.05.003. PMID 18632300. S2CID 30202286.

Retinal detachment | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE

a b c Heavner, W; Pevny, L (1 December 2012). "Eye development and retinogenesis". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 4 (12): a008391. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008391. PMC 3504437. PMID 23071378.Inner plexiform layer – contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells [2] Finally, the horizontal and amacrine cells play a significant role in this process, but that is not represented here. Rods are located throughout the retina; cones are concentrated in a small central area of the retina called the macula. a b Maguire A. M.; High K. A.; Auricchio A.; Wright J. F.; Pierce E. A.; Testa F.; Mingozzi F.; etal. (2009). "Age-dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber's congenital amaurosis: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial". Lancet. 374 (9701): 1597–1605. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61836-5. PMC 4492302. PMID 19854499.

Retina display? Apple’s screen tech explained What is a Retina display? Apple’s screen tech explained

To make a diagnosis, your ophthalmologist conducts a thorough eye exam and looks for abnormalities anywhere in the eye. At the center of the macula, there is a small depression called the fovea. The fovea contains only cone photoreceptors and is the point in the retina responsible for maximum visual acuity and color vision. Retina function Wässle H, Boycott BB (1991). "Functional architecture of the mammalian retina". Physiol. Rev. 71 (2): 447–480. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1991.71.2.447. PMID 2006220. Analyst challenges Apple's iPhone 4S 'Retina Display' claims". June 9, 2010 . Retrieved June 10, 2010. In the photoreceptors, exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts. The outer cell segment contains a photopigment. Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) keep the Na+ channel open, and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised. The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans-retinal. This causes the receptor to activate multiple G-proteins. This in turn causes the Ga-subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase (PDE6), which degrades cGMP, resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (CNGs). Thus the cell is hyperpolarised. The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall. The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process, so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity.

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The unique architecture of the retina and its relatively immune-privileged environment help this process. [73] Tight junctions that form the blood retinal barrier separate the subretinal space from the blood supply, thus protecting it from microbes and most immune-mediated damage, and enhancing its potential to respond to vector-mediated therapies. The highly compartmentalized anatomy of the eye facilitates accurate delivery of therapeutic vector suspensions to specific tissues under direct visualization using microsurgical techniques. [74] In the sheltered environment of the retina, AAV vectors are able to maintain high levels of transgene expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, or ganglion cells for long periods of time after a single treatment. In addition, the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology, such as visual acuities, contrast sensitivity, fundus auto-fluorescence (FAF), dark-adapted visual thresholds, vascular diameters, pupillometry, electroretinography (ERG), multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography (OCT). [75] pre-proliferative retinopathy – more severe and widespread changes affect the blood vessels, including more significant bleeding into the eye The retina is stratified into distinct layers, each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments [38] that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements. [39] To satisfy these requirements, the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks: the choroidal network, which supplies the choroid and the outer retina, and the retinal network, which supplies the retina's inner layer. [40] Qureshi, T. A.; Habib, M.; Hunter, A.; Al-Diri, B. (June 2013). "A manually-labeled, artery/Vein classified benchmark for the DRIVE dataset". Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems. pp.485–488. doi: 10.1109/cbms.2013.6627847. ISBN 978-1-4799-1053-3. S2CID 7705121.

Retina Display? - Lifewire What Is Retina Display? - Lifewire

Let’s take a closer look at some of the most common retinal diseases. Age-related macular degeneration The photoreceptor connecting cilia which bridge the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells.

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These layers can be grouped into four main processing stages—photoreception; transmission to bipolar cells; transmission to ganglion cells, which also contain photoreceptors, the photosensitive ganglion cells; and transmission along the optic nerve. At each synaptic stage, horizontal and amacrine cells also are laterally connected. As an example, the following matrix is at the heart of a computer algorithm that implements edge detection. This matrix is the computer equivalent to the centre–surround structure. In this example, each box (element) within this matrix would be connected to one photoreceptor. The photoreceptor in the centre is the current receptor being processed. The centre photoreceptor is multiplied by the +1 weight factor. The surrounding photoreceptors are the "nearest neighbors" to the centre and are multiplied by the −1/8 value. The sum of all nine of these elements is finally calculated. This summation is repeated for every photoreceptor in the image by shifting left to the end of a row and then down to the next line. Sherman, T (1981). "On connecting large vessels to small – the meaning of murray law". Journal of General Physiology. 78 (4): 431–453. doi: 10.1085/jgp.78.4.431. PMC 2228620. PMID 7288393.